2024 Spiral classifier

As of 2023, our analysis indicates that the global Spiral Classifier market is poised to reach USD 1399.9 million by 2028, exhibiting a steady CAGR of 3.3% from 2023 to 2028. With a focus on .... Accelerated tax associate handr block salary

Spiral classifier is composed of motor, reducer, cylindrical gear and bevel gear. 2. Spiral (left and right) It is composed of the hollow shaft, bracket, spiral blade, lining iron, etc. The hollow shaft is welded by seamless steel pipe, journal and flange. Wear-resistant life is the key in use, so the lining iron is made of wear-resistant ... Spiral Classifier Market report also includes a pricing analysis for each type, manufacturer, region, and global price from 2018 to 2030. This information will help stakeholders make informed ...Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough (Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral.Gravity Spiral Concentrator Working Principle. The gravity spiral circuit is designed to extract and concentrate “coarse gold’ from the recirculating load in the mill grinding circuit and hence prevent a build-up within that circuit and the eventual escape of some of that gold into the C.I.L. tanks and thereon into the final tails. (See fig. 4)Sep 3, 2021 · The spiral classifier agitates the pulp by spiral low-speed rotation, by which the fine particles float to the overflow, and the coarse particles sink to the bottom of the tank and are discharged ... Chapter 1: High Weir Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...The spiral classifier is widely applied for the following fields: combine with ball grinder into closed circulation for ore-sand separation in the ore separation plant; classify ore sand and fine sludge in gravity ore separation plant; classify the grain of ore pulp at the metal ore separation process; and remove sludge/water at the ore separation process.Dec 1, 2020 · This is an example of vanilla Tensorflow playground with no added features and no modifications. The run for Spiral was between 187 to ~300 Epoch, depending. I used Lasso Regularization L1 so I could eliminate coefficients. I decreased the batch size by 1 to keep the output from over fitting. Classifier. The Spiral Classifier used for the study was manufactured by Nick and Paul. 2.2 Designing of Test Works Prior to test work design, visit to the oxide plant at Ghana Manganese Company (GMC) were made with the aim of getting acclimatize with the current operations at the plant. The Spiral classifier was operated in batch mode. Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ...Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ... The ball mill and spiral classifier work together, to be a close circuit grinding system, to control the materials to be grinded as you want.More details ple... EIMCO-K.C.P. Offers Bridge mounted (B) type, Column Mounted (C) Type and Traction driven (T) type Classifiers mechanism for various applications. These operate on the common principle of moving settled solids to the center of principle of moving settled solids to the centre of the tank for removal, and differ principally in the method used to ...The spiral classifier is widely applied for the following fields: combine with ball grinder into closed circulation for ore-sand separation in the ore separation plant; classify ore sand and fine sludge in gravity ore separation plant; classify the grain of ore pulp at the metal ore separation process; and remove sludge/water at the ore separation process.This spiral classifier/dewatering screw is a multi-purpose machine. As a classifier, it separates out the smaller waste particles from the ore processor tailings. The larger particles can then be returned to the grinding circuit for finer grinding to liberate more values. Many locations don’t have a ready source of water, so when used as a ... Spiral classifier. Spiral classifier is one of the classifying equipment in mineral processing. It is suitable for classifying materials in the mineral processing plant as well as the desliming and dehydrating in the mineral washing operating process and widely applied to separate the particles into a number of products graded according to size in the complete closed loop together with ball ... Nesans Spiral Classifier consists of an open trough with a chute provided for the input feed material. Before being fed into the spiral classifier, the dust from the screen is mixed with water and it is carried to the input chute through a slurry pump. The inlet flow is evenly distributed across the surface area of the spirals. Description FC and FG Series Spiral Classifier is mainly used in pre-classification and examination classification of grinding circuit in concentration plant and aggregate plant as well as desliming and dehydration in the process of sand washing. It can be classified into single spiral and double spiral according to the spiral quantity; and high weir type and sinking type according to the ...Spiral washer is a type of sand washing machine, while spiral classifier is a mineral processing equipment. There are many similarities between spiral washers and spiral classifiers in appearance, many users can not distinguish them. In this article, will introduce 6 differences between spiral washers and spiral classifiers. 1. Different ...on a slope, with interrupted rake or spiral blades to move the settled solids to a central discharge cone. Tank diameters vary from 4 to 250 ft. Tank depths at center are 2 to 3 ft for small units and up to 25 ft for larger units. Hydraulic classifiers of the sizer and super-sorter types, Figs. 7 and 8, are narrow, deep, rectangular The spiral classifier is widely applied for the following fields: combine with ball grinder into closed circulation for ore-sand separation in the ore separation plant; classify ore sand and fine sludge in gravity ore separation plant; classify the grain of ore pulp at the metal ore separation process; and remove sludge/water at the ore separation process. A Spiral Classifier is a machine that is primarily used to classify the slimes (fines) from a coarser, sandy sized material. It has an inclined trough with one or two spirals revolving slowly and free from touching the sides or bottom of the tank. The motion of the spiral creates Pool Hindered Settling in the bottom pool area, where the ... The spiral classifier, also known as the classifier or horizontal spiral classifier, is a type of equipment used in ore processing plants. It is used for mechanical classification based on the principle that solid particles have different specific gravities and therefore precipitate at different rates in a liquid.Spiral classifier is one of beneficiation equipment, based on user requirements, it can be divided into single and double spiral classifier. Depend on specific gravity of solid particles, so different sedimentation velocity in a liquid principle, spiral classifier is a mechanical grading equipment. Spiral Classifier Market report also includes a pricing analysis for each type, manufacturer, region, and global price from 2018 to 2030. This information will help stakeholders make informed ...Sep 8, 2023 · Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ... Our report on the Spiral Classifier Market provides a comprehensive overview of the current market trends and dynamics. It offers an in-depth analysis of the leading players in the market, along ...The 'Submerged Spiral Classifier Market' continues to adapt to shifting consumer demands and corporate needs, thus the forecast is still positive. The market is expected to experience significant ...China Spiral Classifier manufacturers - Select 2023 high quality Spiral Classifier products in best price from certified Chinese Mining Equipment, Mining Machine suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.comEIMCO-K.C.P. Offers Bridge mounted (B) type, Column Mounted (C) Type and Traction driven (T) type Classifiers mechanism for various applications. These operate on the common principle of moving settled solids to the center of principle of moving settled solids to the centre of the tank for removal, and differ principally in the method used to ...A study on physical beneficiation of platinum group metals (PGMs) flotation tailings was carried out by means of spiral classifiers and a gravity separator (Knelson Concentrator – KC-CVD 6 unit).Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ... In the changed post COVID-19 business landscape, the global market for Spiral Classifier estimated at US$1. 1 Billion in the year 2020, is projected to reach a revised size of US$1. 3 Billion by ...The spiral classifier is widely applied for the following fields: combine with ball grinder into closed circulation for ore-sand separation in the ore separation plant; classify ore sand and fine sludge in gravity ore separation plant; classify the grain of ore pulp at the metal ore separation process; and remove sludge/water at the ore separation process.Product Features. 1.This classifier adopts sealing immersed bearing. 2. Independent hoisting equipment with strong reshipment power. 3. Wearable liner of bolt installed to prolong the service life. 4. Cell body in long and narrow shape can reach a good mixing effect and prolong the suspension time of materials. The preferential classification benefit of cyclones is further illustrated in Table 2 which compares the metallurgical results of cyclones versus spiral classifiers in a copper grinding circuit. The cyclone produced an overflow product containing more copper in the finer size ranges where it will be subject to higher recovery in flotation.The Global Spiral Classifier Market can be segmented based on various factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics and opportunities. The segmentation allows for a more targeted ...EIMCO-K.C.P. Offers Bridge mounted (B) type, Column Mounted (C) Type and Traction driven (T) type Classifiers mechanism for various applications. These operate on the common principle of moving settled solids to the center of principle of moving settled solids to the centre of the tank for removal, and differ principally in the method used to ...The classifier is mainly composed of transmission device, spiral body, trough, lifting mechanism, lower support (bearing) and discharge valve. Spiral Classifier Advantages: 1、Simple structure, easy to maintain. 2、Easy operation and stable performance. 3、Gravity connection with Ball mills; slurry pump conveying is not necessary.A study on physical beneficiation of platinum group metals (PGMs) flotation tailings was carried out by means of spiral classifiers and a gravity separator (Knelson Concentrator – KC-CVD 6 unit).China Spiral Classifier manufacturers - Select 2023 high quality Spiral Classifier products in best price from certified Chinese Mining Equipment, Mining Machine suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.com Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ...Chapter 1: Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and ...Spiral classifier . Diameter of screw :500-1500mm Spiral classifier is widely used to form a closed cycle process to split mineral sand with ball mill in ore dressing plants, grade ore and fine mud in the gravity ore dressing plant, or for the pulp size classification in the metal beneficiation process, as well as desliming and dehydration in washing operations.It is evident that no linear classifier will be able to do a good job classifying spiral data where the boundary between two classes is a curve. A simple two layer network with RELU activation on the hidden layer automatically learns the decision boundaries and achieves a 99% classification accuracy on such a data set.Lab Spiral Classifier. This Lab Spiral classifiers suitable for dewatering, medium drainage and desliming and wet and dry classifying for ore, Non-metallic materials, etc. Spiral classifier is a type of classifying equipment which realizes mechanical classification under the principle that materials settle in the liquid at different speeds due ... Classifier. The Spiral Classifier used for the study was manufactured by Nick and Paul. 2.2 Designing of Test Works Prior to test work design, visit to the oxide plant at Ghana Manganese Company (GMC) were made with the aim of getting acclimatize with the current operations at the plant. The Spiral classifier was operated in batch mode. Jan 27, 2022 · Spiral classifier is a common classification equipment used in mineral processing plants. It has the characteristics of simple structure, reliable operation, large processing capacity, stable classification area and high classification efficiency. Below we briefly introduce its importance, working principle, application and main classification. Spiral classifier is composed of motor, reducer, cylindrical gear and bevel gear. 2. Spiral (left and right) It is composed of the hollow shaft, bracket, spiral blade, lining iron, etc. The hollow shaft is welded by seamless steel pipe, journal and flange. Wear-resistant life is the key in use, so the lining iron is made of wear-resistant ... The spiral speed and feed tonnage correlated negatively to the Mn grade with washing time correlating positively. Operating the spiral classifier at a feed rate, spiral speed and washing time of 6 t, 25 rev/min, and 30 min, respectively, yielded Mn grade of 53%.The rotation speed of the commonly used spiral classifier is. To obtain coarse overflow, the speed of the spiral with a diameter of 2 m should not exceed 6 r/min, and with a diameter of 1 m or more should be controlled at 2-8 r/min. For example, for a spiral with a diameter of 0.3 m, in order to obtain a coarse overflow, the spiral speed can be ...Spiral Dewaterer model - SD Metso spiral dewaterer model SD is a robust evolution of the spiral classifier for reliable operations in mill scale handling. The spiral dewaterer with special designed spiral and enlarged pool area is able to handle large flows of effluents, offering a well dewatered mill scale product and a clear overflow ... As of 2023, our analysis indicates that the global Spiral Classifier market is poised to reach USD 1399.9 million by 2028, exhibiting a steady CAGR of 3.3% from 2023 to 2028. With a focus on ...Spiral Classifier Market report also includes a pricing analysis for each type, manufacturer, region, and global price from 2018 to 2030. This information will help stakeholders make informed ...The 'Submerged Spiral Classifier Market' continues to adapt to shifting consumer demands and corporate needs, thus the forecast is still positive. The market is expected to experience significant ...Submerged Spiral Classifier Market Enigma on a Global Stage | Phenomenal Growth Outlook to 2030 Sep 8, 2023 ... Classifier. The Spiral Classifier used for the study was manufactured by Nick and Paul. 2.2 Designing of Test Works Prior to test work design, visit to the oxide plant at Ghana Manganese Company (GMC) were made with the aim of getting acclimatize with the current operations at the plant. The Spiral classifier was operated in batch mode.Aug 6, 2015 · The rake classifier such as the Dorr classifier consists of a rectangular tank with a sloping/inclined bottom. The tank is provided with movable rakes (reciprocating rakes). The feed in the form of a suspension (slurry) is introduced continuously near the middle of the tank. The lower end of the tank has a weir overflow (discharge weir) from ... The spiral classifier is based on the principle that the solid particles are different in size and specific gravity, so the settling speed in the liquid is different. Fine ore particles float in the water and overflow, and coarse ore particles sink to the bottom of the tank.This is an example of vanilla Tensorflow playground with no added features and no modifications. The run for Spiral was between 187 to ~300 Epoch, depending. I used Lasso Regularization L1 so I could eliminate coefficients. I decreased the batch size by 1 to keep the output from over fitting.As of 2023, our analysis indicates that the global Spiral Classifier market is poised to reach USD 1399.9 million by 2028, exhibiting a steady CAGR of 3.3% from 2023 to 2028. With a focus on ...Spiral classifier . Diameter of screw :500-1500mm Spiral classifier is widely used to form a closed cycle process to split mineral sand with ball mill in ore dressing plants, grade ore and fine mud in the gravity ore dressing plant, or for the pulp size classification in the metal beneficiation process, as well as desliming and dehydration in washing operations.Nesans Spiral Classifier consists of an open trough with a chute provided for the input feed material. Before being fed into the spiral classifier, the dust from the screen is mixed with water and it is carried to the input chute through a slurry pump. The inlet flow is evenly distributed across the surface area of the spirals.Nov 28, 2022 · High Weir Spiral Classifier, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to record 2.3% CAGR and reach US$827.7 Million by the end of the analysis period. Taking into account the ... These spiral classifier price types include vibrating shaker tables and alluvial washing machines, and they can be used alongside more precise separation tools. Choose from shaft tables and hydraulic tables that are equipped with hydraulics for conducting compression tests and come with distinct power capacities.Spiral Classifiers are available in sizes up to 120″ diameter, three tank styles, single, double and triple pitch spirals, three degrees of spiral submergence —flexibility to provide a unit built for your job. Write for detailed recommendation on the correct size and type of Spiral Classifier to do your job economically and profitably. 13.5.3.4 Spiral Concentrator. The spiral concentrator is a modern high-capacity and low-cost device. It is developed for concentration of low-grade ores and industrial minerals in slurry form. It works on a combination of solid particle density and its hydrodynamic dragging properties. The spiral speed and feed tonnage correlated negatively to the Mn grade with washing time correlating positively. Operating the spiral classifier at a feed rate, spiral speed and washing time of 6 t, 25 rev/min, and 30 min, respectively, yielded Mn grade of 53%.The ball mill is for grinding 0-20mm to small powder. It works together with the spiral classifier, so the overflow slurry from the classifier is about 80% 200mesh powder. The oversize particle from the classifier will go back to the ball mill grinding again, to form a closed-loop.The rake classifier such as the Dorr classifier consists of a rectangular tank with a sloping/inclined bottom. The tank is provided with movable rakes (reciprocating rakes). The feed in the form of a suspension (slurry) is introduced continuously near the middle of the tank. The lower end of the tank has a weir overflow (discharge weir) from ...EIMCO-K.C.P. Offers Bridge mounted (B) type, Column Mounted (C) Type and Traction driven (T) type Classifiers mechanism for various applications. These operate on the common principle of moving settled solids to the center of principle of moving settled solids to the centre of the tank for removal, and differ principally in the method used to ...Spiral Dewaterer model - SD Metso spiral dewaterer model SD is a robust evolution of the spiral classifier for reliable operations in mill scale handling. The spiral dewaterer with special designed spiral and enlarged pool area is able to handle large flows of effluents, offering a well dewatered mill scale product and a clear overflow ...Moreover, The Global Spiral Classifier Industry research report provides a comprehensive analysis of the sector, focusing on important details like industry size, market share, and major competitors.Spiral classifier. Spiral classifier is one of the classifying equipment in mineral processing. It is suitable for classifying materials in the mineral processing plant as well as the desliming and dehydrating in the mineral washing operating process and widely applied to separate the particles into a number of products graded according to size in the complete closed loop together with ball ...XBM Mining is a leading global supplier of equipment and tools, service and technical solutions for the mining industry,especially specialized in ore benefic...Triveni Spiral Classifiers utilize an increased for maximum torque and quiet, trouble free. lead or helix angle to form the continuous high pitch performance. Spiral for greater raking capacity. The upper main bearing is over sized for normal. Classifier service. Also this bearing and gear pivot is on. 13.5.3.4 Spiral Concentrator. The spiral concentrator is a modern high-capacity and low-cost device. It is developed for concentration of low-grade ores and industrial minerals in slurry form. It works on a combination of solid particle density and its hydrodynamic dragging properties. Now, the common classifiers in mineral processing plant are mainly mechanical classifier and hydrocyclone. Among them,mechanical classifier can be divided into spiral classifier, rake classifier,tank classifier and other types. With the development of classification operation, rake classifier is already replaced by spiral classifier, tank ...Particles below a certain size and density are carried away with the water-flow, whereas the coarser and heavier particles settle. Basically the different wet classifiers are gravity settling tank, cone classifier, double cone classifier, hydrocyclone classifier, spiral classifier, and rake classifier. Gravity settling tank is the simplest type ...on a slope, with interrupted rake or spiral blades to move the settled solids to a central discharge cone. Tank diameters vary from 4 to 250 ft. Tank depths at center are 2 to 3 ft for small units and up to 25 ft for larger units. Hydraulic classifiers of the sizer and super-sorter types, Figs. 7 and 8, are narrow, deep, rectangular CLASSIFIER Pemisahan dengan alat classifier disebut proses klaisiskasi Pengertian klaisfikasi : Pemisahan bahan padat menjadi 2 fraksi atau lebih berdasarkan kecepatan gerak padatan dalam fluida. fKlasifikasi dibagi 2 : 1. Sizing pemisahan dengan klasifikasi untuk zat atau bahan yang sama densitasnya tetapi ukurannya berbeda.Jun 18, 2023 · Spiral Classifier Market Emerging Trends and Forecast 2023-2030 Published: June 18, 2023 at 8:56 p.m. ET High Weir Spiral Classifier, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to record 2.3% CAGR and reach US$827.7 Million by the end of the analysis period. Taking into account the ...Classifier. The Spiral Classifier used for the study was manufactured by Nick and Paul. 2.2 Designing of Test Works Prior to test work design, visit to the oxide plant at Ghana Manganese Company (GMC) were made with the aim of getting acclimatize with the current operations at the plant. The Spiral classifier was operated in batch mode. If you don't have the muscle power or time, let a spiral panning machine help you separate the gold from your concentrates and black sand much more quickly and easily. FREE SHIPPING on orders of $350 or more! To learn more about the manufacturer and use of the Desert Fox, Mountain Goat, and Pro Camel, scroll to the bottom of this page.

Aug 23, 2019 · The ball mill is for grinding 0-20mm to small powder. It works together with the spiral classifier, so the overflow slurry from the classifier is about 80% 200mesh powder. The oversize particle from the classifier will go back to the ball mill grinding again, to form a closed-loop. . Young babysitter porn movies

Sep 3, 2021 · The spiral classifier agitates the pulp by spiral low-speed rotation, by which the fine particles float to the overflow, and the coarse particles sink to the bottom of the tank and are discharged ... 10.3.2 Bahan. Bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan Spiral Classifier yaitu : 1. Mineral Kasiterit (SnO2) dengan ukuran – 40 + 70 # yakni sebanya 1 kg. 2. Zeolit yakni hasil kominusi dengan ukuran – 8 + 12 #, sebanyak 3 kg. Sumber : Data Hasil Praktikum PBG, 2017. Foto 10.11 Zeolit.A Spiral Classifier is a machine that is primarily used to classify the slimes (fines) from a coarser, sandy sized material. It has an inclined trough with one or two spirals revolving slowly and free from touching the sides or bottom of the tank. The motion of the spiral creates Pool Hindered Settling in the bottom pool area, where the ... Mar 26, 2016 · Gravity Spiral Concentrator Working Principle. The gravity spiral circuit is designed to extract and concentrate “coarse gold’ from the recirculating load in the mill grinding circuit and hence prevent a build-up within that circuit and the eventual escape of some of that gold into the C.I.L. tanks and thereon into the final tails. (See fig. 4) Spiral classifier is used to treat alluvial placer, especially for those with high dissociation degree and flat shape of mineral monomer. Spiral classifier and ball mill generally cooperate, mostly used for mineral processing. The classifier has the characteristics of simple structure, reliable operation, convenient operation, high efficiency ... Particles below a certain size and density are carried away with the water-flow, whereas the coarser and heavier particles settle. Basically the different wet classifiers are gravity settling tank, cone classifier, double cone classifier, hydrocyclone classifier, spiral classifier, and rake classifier. Gravity settling tank is the simplest type ...on a slope, with interrupted rake or spiral blades to move the settled solids to a central discharge cone. Tank diameters vary from 4 to 250 ft. Tank depths at center are 2 to 3 ft for small units and up to 25 ft for larger units. Hydraulic classifiers of the sizer and super-sorter types, Figs. 7 and 8, are narrow, deep, rectangular May 15, 2016 · Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough ( Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral. Jul 6, 2023 · USA, New Jersey- The Global Spiral Classifier Market is set to embark on an extraordinary journey of growth and transformation from 2023 to 2030. This pivotal period will witness a convergence of ... In this video, Jason describes the many benefits and uses of our Spiral Classifier, also called a Screw Conveyor, De-watering Screw, and Auger Conveyor. The ...The rotation speed of the commonly used spiral classifier is. To obtain coarse overflow, the speed of the spiral with a diameter of 2 m should not exceed 6 r/min, and with a diameter of 1 m or more should be controlled at 2-8 r/min. For example, for a spiral with a diameter of 0.3 m, in order to obtain a coarse overflow, the spiral speed can be ...Submerged Spiral Classifier Market report also includes a pricing analysis for each type, manufacturer, region, and global price from 2018 to 2030. This information will help stakeholders make ...The rake classifier such as the Dorr classifier consists of a rectangular tank with a sloping/inclined bottom. The tank is provided with movable rakes (reciprocating rakes). The feed in the form of a suspension (slurry) is introduced continuously near the middle of the tank. The lower end of the tank has a weir overflow (discharge weir) from ...May 15, 2016 · Spiral classifiers. A typical spiral classifier is shown in Fig. 1. The geometry of a spiral is characterized by the length or number of turns, the diameter, the pitch and the shape of the trough (Burt, 1984). The spiral feed is a mixture of water and ground particles that is gravity fed at the top of the spiral. Particles below a certain size and density are carried away with the water-flow, whereas the coarser and heavier particles settle. Basically the different wet classifiers are gravity settling tank, cone classifier, double cone classifier, hydrocyclone classifier, spiral classifier, and rake classifier. Gravity settling tank is the simplest type ...The spiral classifier agitates the pulp by spiral low-speed rotation, by which the fine particles float to the overflow, and the coarse particles sink to the bottom of the tank and are discharged ...In the changed post COVID-19 business landscape, the global market for Spiral Classifier estimated at US$1. 1 Billion in the year 2020, is projected to reach a revised size of US$1. 3 Billion by ...The Submerged Spiral Classifier Market is undergoing a remarkable transformation, fueled by cutting-edge technologies and a deep commitment to meeting user needs. Companies within the industry are ....

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